Which adaptation is shown by desert organisms?

Mammals have the ability to produce

The glomerular filtrate in the loop of Henle gets concentrated in the descending and then gets diluted in the ascending limbs. Explain.

Which ions enter the vasa recta?

The proximity between Henle's loop and vasa-recta as well as the counter-current in them help in maintaining an ...$A$... in molarity towards the inner medullary interstitium,i.e.,from ...$B$... $mOsmol \ L^{-1}$ in the cortex to about ...$C$... $mOsmol \ L^{-1}$ in the inner medulla. Here $A$,$B$,and $C$ refer to:

Which of the following plays a significant role in the production of concentrated urine?