Which of the following processes is $NOT$ a part of the downstream processing?

When $DNA$ fragments stained with ethidium bromide are viewed under $UV$ radiation,how do they appear?

In this technique,large quantities of biotechnological products such as antibiotics,vaccines,and enzymes are produced by maintaining and growing only the desired microbes/eukaryotic cells in a sterile environment.

In the presence of a chromogenic substrate,recombinant bacteria appear as .......

In gel electrophoresis,the separated bands of $DNA$ are cut out and extracted from the gel piece. This step is called

Thermal cycling is a key component of which technique?