Separated $DNA$ fragments on an agarose gel can be visualized after staining with ....

Which impurities are released along with $DNA$ when cells are broken down for $DNA$ isolation?

Which one of the following equipments is essentially required for growing microbes on a large scale for the industrial production of enzymes?

What are the temperatures required for the three steps of the Polymerase Chain Reaction $(PCR)$ shown below?
$P \quad \quad Q \quad \quad R$

Illustrate the design of a bioreactor. Highlight the difference between a flask in your laboratory and a bioreactor which allows cells to grow in a continuous culture system.

Give scientific reasons: Hepatitis $B$ and Bird flu $DNA$ vaccines are called Recombinant $DNA$ vaccines.