The following transformation proceeds through | vedclass

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(D) The given reaction is the nucleophilic substitution of $1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene$ with dilute $NaOH$. Since the benzene ring is substituted wit

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Activated nucleophilic substitution

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(D) The given reaction is the nucleophilic substitution of $1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene$ with dilute $NaOH$. Since the benzene ring is substituted with strong electron-withdrawing $-NO_2$ groups at the ortho and para positions,the electron density on the ring is significantly reduced. This makes the carbon atom attached to the chlorine atom highly electrophilic,facilitating the attack of the nucleophile $(OH^-)$. This mechanism is known as $S_NAr$ (Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution) or activated nucleophilic substitution,where the intermediate formed is a resonance-stabilized carbanion called a Meisenheimer complex.

The following transformation proceeds through:

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