| Test Cross | Back Cross |
|---|---|
| $1$. It is a cross between an $F_1$ hybrid and a homozygous recessive parent. | $1$. It is a cross between an $F_1$ hybrid and any of its parents (either dominant or recessive). |
| $2$. It is used to determine the genotype of an organism showing a dominant phenotype. | $2$. It is used to improve the traits of a specific variety by introducing genes from a parent. |
| $3$. All test crosses are back crosses. | $3$. All back crosses are not necessarily test crosses. |
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