Select the appropriate option for $EST$.

Provide the full forms of the following abbreviations:
$1.$ $\text{YAC}$
$2.$ $\text{SNPs}$
$3.$ $\text{VNTR}$
$4.$ $\text{PCR}$

According to the Human Genome Project $(HGP)$, the total number of genes in the human genome is estimated at $30,000$. The number of genes on the $Y$ chromosome is: (in $genes$)

Define/Explain: $DNA$ polymorphism and Sequence Annotation.

$A$ : $HGP$ was completed in $2003$ by sequencing all genes of all chromosomes.
$R$ : All coding and noncoding genes were sequenced by $ESTs$.

The method of identifying all the genes that are expressed as $\text{RNA}$ is referred to as: