Brood parasitism is observed in which of the following?

Which one of the following pairs shows co-evolution?

Select the mismatched pair regarding parasitism.

Given below are two statements.
Statement $I$: Intraspecific competition occurs between organisms of the same population.
Statement $II$: Such interaction may be beneficial,harmful or neutral to the interacting individuals.
In the light of the above two statements,choose the correct option.

Flamingos and fish compete in a lake for .......... .

If the strong partner is benefitted and the weak partner is damaged,it is known as: