In which of the following ecosystems is the s | vedclass

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(A) In most ecosystems on Earth,the sun is the ultimate source of energy for all organisms. However,in deep sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems,sunlight

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Deep sea hydrothermal ecosystem

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(A) In most ecosystems on Earth,the sun is the ultimate source of energy for all organisms. However,in deep sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems,sunlight does not reach the ocean floor. In these environments,organisms like chemosynthetic bacteria derive energy from the oxidation of inorganic chemicals (such as hydrogen sulfide) released from hydrothermal vents. Therefore,the sun is not the primary source of energy for these ecosystems.

Column-$I$	Column-$II$
$(P)$ First trophic level	$(I)$ Humans,Lion
$(Q)$ Second trophic level	$(II)$ Zooplankton,Grasshopper,Cow
$(R)$ Third trophic level	$(III)$ Phytoplankton,Grass,Trees
$(S)$ Fourth trophic level	$(IV)$ Birds,Fishes,Wolf

In which of the following ecosystems is the sun not the primary source of energy?

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Match the following columns:
Column-$I$ Column-$II$
$(P)$ First trophic level $(I)$ Humans,Lion
$(Q)$ Second trophic level $(II)$ Zooplankton,Grasshopper,Cow
$(R)$ Third trophic level $(III)$ Phytoplankton,Grass,Trees
$(S)$ Fourth trophic level $(IV)$ Birds,Fishes,Wolf

Which of the following is associated with a major ecological role?

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