$.........$ are the pioneer species that initiate primary succession on bare rocks.

Distinguish between primary succession and secondary succession based on the following examples:
$I-$ Abandoned farmland
$II-$ Burned or cut forests
$III-$ Newly cooled lava
$IV -$ Bare rock
$V -$ Flooded lands
$VI -$ Newly created pond or reservoir
Identify the correct grouping for primary succession and secondary succession respectively.

If a $succession$ occurs in a $hydric$ (aquatic) area,the final climax community will be .....

The organisms dwelling at the bottom of a lake are called

In a pond ecosystem,benthos means

Which groups are organisms divided into based on their primary ecological role?