What are the products of the Hill reaction?

Which of the following elements are required for the photolysis of water?

The full expansion of $NADP$ is

The Emerson effect explains the phenomenon of:

$ATP$ synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria is due to a proton gradient across the membrane. Select the correct statements with respect to $ATP$ formation in chloroplasts:
$(a)$ Protons accumulate in the lumen of the thylakoid.
$(b)$ Splitting of water occurs on the inner side of the membrane.
$(c)$ Protons accumulate on the stroma side of the chloroplast.
$(d)$ $NADP$ reductase is located on the stroma side of the membrane.

The synthesis of $ATP$ during photosynthesis is called: