Which of the following conditions is harmful and leads to kidney failure?

$A$ patient of $Diabetes \text{ } mellitus$ excretes glucose in urine even when kept on a carbohydrate-free diet. This is because:

$A$ condition of failure of the kidney to form urine is known as:

Blood is drained from a convenient $P$ of a patient and is pumped into a dialyzing unit after adding $Q$. After purification,$R$ is added to the blood,and it is returned to the body through $S$.
$\quad \quad P\quad \quad Q\quad \quad R\quad \quad S$

Haematuria is a disorder involving:

Choose the correct option:
$(1)$ Kidney stones are formed by calcium carbonate / calcium oxalate.
$(2)$ The conversion of amino acids into keto acids and ammonia is called deamination / amination.