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(D) Blood clotting (coagulation) is a complex process involving a cascade of enzymatic reactions. $Ca^{2+}$ ions play a crucial role as a cofactor in

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$Ca^{2+}$ and Thromboplastin

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(D) Blood clotting (coagulation) is a complex process involving a cascade of enzymatic reactions. $Ca^{2+}$ ions play a crucial role as a cofactor in several steps of the clotting cascade,particularly in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thromboplastin (also known as tissue factor) is released from injured tissues and initiates the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation. Therefore,both $Ca^{2+}$ and thromboplastin are essential for the formation of a blood clot.

Which of the following are essential for the process of blood clotting?

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