For the physical association of genes on a chromosome,Morgan coined the term $...............$ and for the generation of non-parental gene combinations,he described the term $...............$.

$A$: Morgan's cross $III$ was conducted in $Drosophila$ to locate genes on the chromosome for white eye color.
$R$: The cross was done between red-eyed hybrid female and white-eyed male.

The phenomenon that acts against linkage is......

What is a linkage group?

In maize, colored endosperm $(C)$ is dominant over colorless $(c)$ and full endosperm $(R)$ is dominant over shrunken $(r)$. When a test cross is performed on the $F_1$ generation, the following results are obtained:
Colored and Full = $45\%$
Colored and Shrunken = $5\%$
Colorless and Full = $4\%$
Colorless and Shrunken = $46\%$
Based on this data, what is the distance between the two non-allelic genes (in $units$)?

In which of the following is the phenomenon of crossing over $NOT$ observed?