Light with an intensity of $18 \ W \ m^{-2}$ is incident normally on an opaque surface. If the area of the surface is $20 \ m^2$,calculate the average force exerted on the surface in $30 \ min$.

An impulse laser may be treated as a source of photons that are emitted during the time interval of the pulse,which is followed by a time interval when no photons are produced. Pulses are periodically repeated. $A$ laser beam of diameter $d = 10 \, \mu m$ is directed upward and is perpendicular to the thin foil surface which has a reflection coefficient $\rho = 0.50$ (see the sketch of the experiment). The reflection coefficient of the surface is the ratio of the reflected energy to the incident energy. $A$ pulse with duration of $0.13 \, ms$ has a total energy of $10 \, J$. What is the mass of the piece of foil that can be supported in the air solely by the light pressure of the laser beam? (Take $g = 10 \, m/s^2$)

$A$ bulb of $800 \text{ W}$ electrical power has an efficiency of $3 \%$. It is kept at the centre of a sphere of diameter $20 \text{ cm}$. The force exerted on its surface by the electromagnetic $(EM)$ wave is . . . . . . .

$A$ small mirror of mass $m$ is suspended by a massless thread of length $l$. Find the small angle through which the thread will be deflected when a short pulse of laser of energy $E$ falls normally on the mirror. ($c=$ speed of light in vacuum and $g=$ acceleration due to gravity)

Light having an energy flux of $40 \ Wcm^{-2}$ falls on a non-reflecting surface at normal incidence. If the surface has an area of $20 \ cm^2$,the total momentum delivered (for complete absorption) during $10 \ min$ is:

$A$ light bulb of power $100 \ W$ is placed at the centre of a hollow sphere of radius $10 \ cm$. If $66\%$ of the energy is converted into light,then the pressure exerted by the light on the surface of the sphere will be (Assume the surface of the sphere to be perfectly absorbing).