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(B) Lanthanoid contraction is the steady decrease in the atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoids with an increase in atomic number.Due to the poor shiel

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Almost similar covalent and ionic radii of $Zr$ and $Hf$

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(B) Lanthanoid contraction is the steady decrease in the atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoids with an increase in atomic number.Due to the poor shielding effect of $4f$ electrons,the effective nuclear charge increases,which causes the size of the atoms to decrease.This phenomenon is responsible for the fact that the second and third transition series elements have almost identical atomic and ionic radii.Specifically,$Zr$ ($4d$ series) and $Hf$ ($5d$ series) exhibit almost identical covalent and ionic radii due to lanthanoid contraction.

Which of the following is responsible for the lanthanoid contraction?

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