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(A) In the nitration of benzene,the mixture of concentrated $HNO_3$ and concentrated $H_2SO_4$ is used. $H_2SO_4$ is a stronger acid than $HNO_3$,so i

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(A) In the nitration of benzene,the mixture of concentrated $HNO_3$ and concentrated $H_2SO_4$ is used. $H_2SO_4$ is a stronger acid than $HNO_3$,so it protonates the $HNO_3$ molecule. The reaction is: $HNO_3 + H_2SO_4 \rightleftharpoons H_2NO_3^+ + HSO_4^- \rightleftharpoons H_2O + NO_2^+ + HSO_4^-$. Here,$H_2SO_4$ acts as an acid (proton donor) and $HNO_3$ acts as a base (proton acceptor) to generate the electrophile $NO_2^+$ (nitronium ion).

The reaction of benzene with a mixture of concentrated $HNO_3$ and concentrated $H_2SO_4$ yields nitrobenzene. In this mixture,$HNO_3$ acts as a/an ......

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