What is the order of $-I$ effect in orbitals?

Explain the delocalization of electrons in $CH_3-CH_2^+$ and $CH_3-CH=CH_2$.

Which of the following statements are not correct?
$a$. The energy of resonance hybrid structure is higher than that of the possible canonical structures of the molecule.
$b$. When inductive effect and electromeric effect operate in opposite directions,electromeric effect predominates.
$c$. When the $\pi$ electrons of the multiple bond are transferred to that atom to which the attacking reagent does not get attached,it is known as $+E$ effect.
$d$. The resonance structures with separation of opposite charges are more stable.

The decreasing order of stability of the following anions is:
$(P)$ $p-OCH_3-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
$(Q)$ $p-CHO-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
$(R)$ $p-Cl-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
$(S)$ $p-CH_3-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$

The interaction between $\pi$ bond and lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom is responsible for

Which of the two: $O_2NCH_2CH_2O^{-}$ or $CH_3CH_2O^{-}$ is expected to be more stable and why?