$X$-rays are produced by accelerating electrons through a potential difference $V$ and letting them strike a metal target of atomic number $Z$. The highest frequency of the $X$-rays produced is proportional to:

The primary difference between $X$-rays and $\gamma$-rays is that:

When are characteristic $X$-ray emissions produced?

An $X$-ray tube with a copper target emits a $Cu$ $K_{\alpha}$ line of wavelength $1.50 \ \mathring{A}$. What should be the minimum voltage through which electrons are to be accelerated to produce this wavelength of $X$-rays? $(h = 6.63 \times 10^{-34} \ \text{J}\cdot\text{s}, c = 3 \times 10^8 \ \text{m/s})$

If $X$-rays are produced by bombarding electrons with an energy of $40 \ keV$ on a target,what will be the minimum wavelength (in $\mathring{A}$) of the $X$-rays produced?

Hard $X$-rays for the study of fractures in bones should have a minimum wavelength of $10^{-11} \, m$. The accelerating voltage for electrons in the $X$-ray machine should be: