$A$ plant growing on another plant without drawing any nourishment is

Choose the correct group for commensalism from the following:
$(a)$ The cattle egret and grazing cattle
$(b)$ Barnacle balanus and Barnacle chathamalus
$(c)$ Goat and Abingdon turtle from Galapagos island
$(d)$ Barnacles growing on the back of whale

Statements
$I.$ Recent studies support competition as suggested in 'Gause's Competitive Exclusion Principle'.
$II.$ Gause's hypothesis states that if two species compete for the same resources,then one will be eliminated by the other species.
$III.$ More recent studies point out that species facing competition might evolve mechanisms that promote co-existence rather than exclusion.
$IV.$ Gause's competitive exclusion principle is effective when resources are in excess.
$V.$ Unlimited resources give better opportunity for adaptation.
Choose the correct combination of statements.

In which of the following interactions are both partners adversely affected?

Which of the following represents the correct pair of organisms and their type of interaction?

Explain predation with a suitable example.