$A$ small coin is fixed at the centre of the base of an empty cylindrical steel container having radius $R=1 \,m$ and height $d=4 \,m$. At time $t=0$,the container starts getting filled with water at a flow rate of $Q=0.1 \,m^3/s$ without disturbing the coin. Find the approximate time $t$ in seconds when the coin will first be seen by the observer $O$ from a height of $H=5.75 \,m$ above and $L=1.5 \,m$ radially away from the coin as shown in the figure. (Take refractive index of water,$n=1.33$ or $4/3$)

When a light ray enters a medium with refractive index $\mu$,it is observed that the angle of refraction is half the angle of incidence. The angle of incidence is .........

$A$ beam of monochromatic blue light of wavelength $4200 \, \mathring{A}$ in air travels into water $(\mu = 4/3)$. Its wavelength in water will be.......$\mathring{A}$

$A$ mixture of a pure liquid and a solution in a long vertical column (i.e., horizontal dimensions << vertical dimensions) produces diffusion of solute particles and hence a refractive index gradient along the vertical dimension. $A$ ray of light entering the column at right angles to the vertical is deviated from its original path. Find the deviation in travelling a horizontal distance $d << h$, where $h$ is the height of the column.

$A$ glass slab consists of thin uniform layers of progressively decreasing refractive indices $(RI)$ such that the $RI$ of any layer is $\mu - m \Delta \mu$. Here, $\mu$ and $\Delta \mu$ denote the $RI$ of the $0^{\text{th}}$ layer and the difference in $RI$ between any two consecutive layers, respectively. The integer $m = 0, 1, 2, 3, \ldots$ denotes the number of the successive layers. $A$ ray of light from the $0^{\text{th}}$ layer enters the $1^{\text{st}}$ layer at an angle of incidence of $30^{\circ}$. After undergoing the $m^{\text{th}}$ refraction, the ray emerges parallel to the interface. If $\mu = 1.5$ and $\Delta \mu = 0.015$, the value of $m$ is:

Clarify the meanings of optical density and mass density.