According to the mass-energy equivalence relation,$9 \times 10^{13} \text{ J}$ of energy can be converted into $\qquad$ maximum mass. [Speed of light $c = 3 \times 10^{8} \text{ m/s}$] (in $\text{ g}$)

$A$ nucleus with mass number $242$ and binding energy per nucleon as $7.6\,MeV$ breaks into two fragments,each with mass number $121$. If each fragment nucleus has a binding energy per nucleon of $8.1\,MeV$,the total gain in binding energy is $........MeV$.

$M_p$ denotes the mass of a proton and $M_n$ that of a neutron. $A$ given nucleus,of binding energy $B$,contains $Z$ protons and $N$ neutrons. The mass $M(N, Z)$ of the nucleus is given by ($c$ is the velocity of light):

State Einstein's special theory of relativity and provide the mass-energy equivalence formula.

Explain the following forms and principles of energy:
$(a)$ The Equivalence of Mass and Energy
$(b)$ Nuclear Energy
$(c)$ The Principle of Conservation of Energy

For a nucleus ${ }_Z^A X$ having mass number $A$ and atomic number $Z$:
$A.$ The surface energy per nucleon $(b_s) = a_1 A^{2/3}$
$B.$ The Coulomb contribution to the binding energy $b_c = -a_2 \frac{Z(Z-1)}{A^{4/3}}$
$C.$ The volume energy $b_v = a_3 A$
$D.$ Decrease in the binding energy is proportional to surface area.
$E.$ While estimating the surface energy,it is assumed that each nucleon interacts with $12$ nucleons,($a_1, a_2$ and $a_3$ are constants)
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below: