An electron is moving through a field. It is moving $(i)$ opposite to an electric field and $(ii)$ perpendicular to a magnetic field as shown. For each situation,determine the de-Broglie wavelength of the electron.

Which of the following effects support the quantum nature of $EM$ radiation? $(1)$ Photoelectric effect $(2)$ Compton effect $(3)$ Doppler effect $(4)$ Field effect

The anode voltage of a photocell is kept constant. The wavelength of the light incident on the cathode is changed gradually. Which of the following graphs represents the variation of the photoelectric current $(I)$ with the wavelength $(\lambda)$?

The ratio of the wavelength of a photon of energy $E$ to that of an electron of the same energy is ($m=$ mass of an electron,$c=$ speed of light,$h=$ Planck's constant).

Answer the following questions:
$(a)$ Quarks inside protons and neutrons are thought to carry fractional charges $[(+2/3)e, (-1/3)e]$. Why do they not show up in Millikan's oil-drop experiment?
$(b)$ What is so special about the combination $e/m$? Why do we not simply talk of $e$ and $m$ separately?
$(c)$ Why should gases be insulators at ordinary pressures and start conducting at very low pressures?
$(d)$ Every metal has a definite work function. Why do all photoelectrons not come out with the same energy if incident radiation is monochromatic? Why is there an energy distribution of photoelectrons?
$(e)$ The energy and momentum of an electron are related to the frequency and wavelength of the associated matter wave by the relations:
$E = h\nu, p = \frac{h}{\lambda}$
But while the value of $\lambda$ is physically significant,the value of $\nu$ (and therefore,the value of the phase speed $\nu\lambda$) has no physical significance. Why?

Consider the following statements $A$ and $B$ and identify the correct choice in the given answers.
$A$. Tightly bound electrons of target material scatter $X$-ray photon,resulting in the Compton effect.
$B$. Photoelectric effect takes place with free electrons.