Assertion $(A)$: Chlorobenzene is not formed in the reaction of phenol with thionyl chloride.
Reason $(R)$: In phenol,the carbon-oxygen bond has partial double bond character.
The correct answer is

What is produced when phenol reacts with sodium?

Which group is present in phenol? What is the effect of this group on the ring and its reactions?

Which one of the following compounds gives aspirin on reacting with acetic anhydride in the presence of conc. $H_2SO_4$?

The Reimer-Tiemann reaction introduces an aldehyde group onto the aromatic ring of phenol,ortho to the hydroxyl group. This reaction involves electrophilic aromatic substitution. This is a general method for the synthesis of substituted salicylaldehydes as depicted below.
$1.$ Which one of the following reagents is used in the above reaction?
$A.$ aq. $NaOH + CH_3Cl$
$B.$ aq. $NaOH + CH_2Cl_2$
$C.$ aq. $NaOH + CHCl_3$
$D.$ aq. $NaOH + CCl_4$
$2.$ The electrophile in this reaction is
$A.$ $:CHCl$
$B.$ $^{+}CHCl_2$
$C.$ $:CCl_2$
$D.$ $CCl_3^{-}$
$3.$ The structure of the intermediate $I$ is
(See provided image for structures $A$,$B$,$C$,$D$)
Give the answer for questions $1, 2$ and $3.$

The reaction sequence is as follows: $C_6H_5SO_3H$ $\xrightarrow[(ii) H^+]{(i) NaOH} P$ $\xrightarrow{Na_2Cr_2O_7, H_2SO_4} Q$. The ratio of $\sigma$ bonds to $\pi$ bonds in $Q$ is: