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(A) The chemiosmotic theory,proposed by Peter Mitchell,explains how $ATP$ is synthesized in chloroplasts and mitochondria. It states that the energy f

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Proton gradient

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(A) The chemiosmotic theory,proposed by Peter Mitchell,explains how $ATP$ is synthesized in chloroplasts and mitochondria. It states that the energy for $ATP$ synthesis is derived from a proton gradient ($H^+$ gradient) across the membrane (thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts and inner mitochondrial membrane in mitochondria). As protons move down their electrochemical gradient through the $ATP$ synthase enzyme,the energy released is used to phosphorylate $ADP$ into $ATP$.

Chemiosmotic theory of $ATP$ synthesis in the chloroplasts and mitochondria is based on

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