Medium
Classify the following groups as electron-withdrawing ($-I$ effect) or electron-donating ($+I$ effect) inductive effect groups: $-CH_3, -Cl, -NO_2, -(CH_3)_3C, -OC_6H_5, -C_6H_5, -OH, -NH_2, -CH_2CH_3$.
(N/A) The inductive effect is the permanent displacement of sigma electrons along a carbon chain due to the difference in electronegativity of the atoms or groups attached.
$1$. Electron-withdrawing groups ($-I$ effect): These groups attract electrons towards themselves. Examples: $-Cl, -NO_2, -OC_6H_5, -C_6H_5, -OH, -NH_2$.
$2$. Electron-donating groups ($+I$ effect): These groups release electrons away from themselves. Examples: $-CH_3, -(CH_3)_3C, -CH_2CH_3$.
$1$. Electron-withdrawing groups ($-I$ effect): These groups attract electrons towards themselves. Examples: $-Cl, -NO_2, -OC_6H_5, -C_6H_5, -OH, -NH_2$.
$2$. Electron-donating groups ($+I$ effect): These groups release electrons away from themselves. Examples: $-CH_3, -(CH_3)_3C, -CH_2CH_3$.
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Explain the terms Inductive and Electromeric effects. Which electron displacement effect explains the following correct orders of acidity of the carboxylic acids?
$(a)$ $Cl_3CCOOH > Cl_2CHCOOH > ClCH_2COOH$
$(b)$ $CH_3CH_2COOH > (CH_3)_2CHCOOH > (CH_3)_3C \cdot COOH$
$(a)$ $Cl_3CCOOH > Cl_2CHCOOH > ClCH_2COOH$
$(b)$ $CH_3CH_2COOH > (CH_3)_2CHCOOH > (CH_3)_3C \cdot COOH$
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View SolutionIdentify the $-I$ effect causing group from the following.
The decreasing order of stability of the following anions is:
$(P)$ $p-OCH_3-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
$(Q)$ $p-CHO-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
$(R)$ $p-Cl-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
$(S)$ $p-CH_3-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
$(P)$ $p-OCH_3-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
$(Q)$ $p-CHO-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
$(R)$ $p-Cl-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
$(S)$ $p-CH_3-C_6H_4-CH_2^-$
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