For a radioactive material,its activity $A$ and rate of change of its activity $R$ are defined as $A = -\frac{dN}{dt}$ and $R = -\frac{dA}{dt}$,where $N(t)$ is the number of nuclei at time $t$. Two radioactive sources $P$ (mean life $\tau$) and $Q$ (mean life $2\tau$) have the same activity at $t = 0$. Their rates of change of activities at $t = 2\tau$ are $R_P$ and $R_Q$,respectively. If $\frac{R_P}{R_Q} = \frac{n}{e}$,then the value of $n$ is

The natural logarithm of the activity $R$ of a radioactive sample varies with time $t$ as shown. At $t=0$,there are $N_0$ undecayed nuclei. Then,$N_0$ is equal to [Take $e^2=7.5$].

The average life $T$ and the decay constant $\lambda$ of a radioactive nucleus are related as

If the measurement errors in all the independent quantities are known,then it is possible to determine the error in any dependent quantity. This is done by the use of series expansion and truncating the expansion at the first power of the error. For example,consider the relation $z = x / y$. If the errors in $x, y$ and $z$ are $\Delta x, \Delta y$ and $\Delta z$,respectively,then $z \pm \Delta z = \frac{x \pm \Delta x}{y \pm \Delta y} = \frac{x}{y} (1 \pm \frac{\Delta x}{x}) (1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$. The series expansion for $(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$,to first power in $\Delta y / y$,is $1 \mp (\Delta y / y)$. The relative errors in independent variables are always added. So the error in $z$ will be $\Delta z = z (\frac{\Delta x}{x} + \frac{\Delta y}{y})$. The above derivation makes the assumption that $\Delta x / x \ll 1, \Delta y / y \ll 1$. Therefore,the higher powers of these quantities are neglected.
$(1)$ Consider the ratio $r = \frac{(1 - a)}{(1 + a)}$ to be determined by measuring a dimensionless quantity $a$. If the error in the measurement of $a$ is $\Delta a$ $(\Delta a / a \ll 1)$,then what is the error $\Delta r$?
$(2)$ In an experiment,the initial number of radioactive nuclei is $3000$. It is found that $1000 \pm 40$ nuclei decayed in the first $1.0 \ s$. For $|x| < 1$,$\ln(1 + x) = x$ up to first power in $x$. The error $\Delta \lambda$,in the determination of the decay constant $\lambda$,in $s^{-1}$,is:

After two hours, one-sixteenth of the starting amount of a certain radioactive isotope remained undecayed. The half-life of the isotope is:

The fossil bone has a ${}^{14}C:{}^{12}C$ ratio,which is $\frac{1}{16}$ of that in a living animal bone. If the half-life of ${}^{14}C$ is $5730 \, years$,then the age of the fossil bone is .......... $years$.