Gause's principle of competitive exclusion states that

Monarch butterflies are highly distasteful to predators due to:

Mycorrhiza represents

Commensalism can be represented as :

Study the four statements $(i-iv)$ given below and select the two correct ones out of them.
$(i)$ $A$ lion eating a deer and a sparrow feeding on grains are ecologically similar in being consumers.
$(ii)$ Predator star fish $Pisaster$ helps in maintaining species diversity of some invertebrates.
$(iii)$ Predators ultimately lead to the extinction of prey species.
$(iv)$ Production of chemicals such as nicotine,strychnine by the plants are metabolic disorders.
The two correct statements are

Carnivorous animals, such as lions and leopards, occupy the same niche, but lions predate mostly on larger animals while leopards take smaller ones. This mechanism of competition is referred to as: