(A) Groups that exhibit $-R$ effect (electron-withdrawing groups) decrease the electron density on the benzene ring. These include: $-CN, -NO_2, -CHO$

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(A) Groups that exhibit $-R$ effect (electron-withdrawing groups) decrease the electron density on the benzene ring. These include: $-CN, -NO_2, -CHO$.Groups that exhibit $+R$ effect (electron-donating groups) increase the electron density on the benzene ring. These include: $-OR, -NHCOR, -X, -NH_2$ (Note: Halogens like $-X$ exhibit $-I$ effect but $+R$ effect).

Class 11 Chemistry 8-4.Organic Chemistry : Reaction mechanism Electronic Displacement in covalent bond

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Identify the atoms or groups from the following that exhibit $-R$ effect and $+R$ effect when present on a benzene ring:
$-OR, -NHCOR, -CN, -X, -NO_2, -NH_2, -CHO$

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8-4.Organic Chemistry : Reaction mechanism

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Electronic Displacement in covalent bond

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Identify the atoms or groups from the following that exhibit $-R$ effect and $+R$ effect when present on a benzene ring:$-OR, -NHCOR, -CN, -X, -NO_2, -NH_2, -CHO$

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Identify the atoms or groups from the following that exhibit $-R$ effect and $+R$ effect when present on a benzene ring:
$-OR, -NHCOR, -CN, -X, -NO_2, -NH_2, -CHO$