If fossils of an organism are found in the deeper layers of the Earth,what can we predict about its extinction?

$(a)$ Explain,giving examples,how artificial selection has helped in the formation of newer varieties of cauliflower.
$(b)$ List the steps involved in the formation of new species.
$(c)$ How do different races of human beings belong to the same species?

How many pairs of chromosomes are present in human beings (in $pairs$)?

Which of the following pairs of organs are $NOT$ homologous organs?

Bacteria have a simpler body plan when compared with human beings. Does it mean that human beings are more evolved than bacteria? Provide a suitable explanation.

$A$ pea plant with blue colour flower denoted by $BB$ is cross-bred with a pea plant with white flower denoted by $ww$.
$(a)$ What is the expected colour of the flowers in their $F_{1}$ progeny?
$(b)$ What will be the percentage of plants bearing white flower in $F_{2}$ generation,when the flowers of $F_{1}$ plants were selfed?
$(c)$ State the expected ratio of the genotypes $BB$ and $Bw$ in the $F_{2}$ progeny.