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(C) The acceleration due to gravity $g$ at the surface of the Earth is given by the formula $g = \frac{GM}{R^2}$,where $G$ is the universal gravitatio

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Cavendish's determination of $G$ and using $R$ and $g$ at the surface

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(C) The acceleration due to gravity $g$ at the surface of the Earth is given by the formula $g = \frac{GM}{R^2}$,where $G$ is the universal gravitational constant,$M$ is the mass of the Earth,and $R$ is the radius of the Earth.Rearranging this formula to solve for the mass of the Earth,we get $M = \frac{gR^2}{G}$.Henry Cavendish determined the value of the gravitational constant $G$ experimentally using a torsion balance.Since the radius of the Earth $R$ is known from geodetic measurements and the acceleration due to gravity $g$ is known from experiments,the mass of the Earth $M$ can be calculated using these values.Therefore,the correct method is the determination of $G$ by Cavendish and the use of $R$ and $g$ at the surface.

The mass of the Earth has been determined through:

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