The significance of the heat shock method in bacterial transformation is that it facilitates:

$A$ probe is used in which stage of genetic engineering?

What happens if a foreign $DNA$ fragment is inserted into the coding sequence of the $\beta$-galactosidase enzyme in a plasmid containing the coding sequence for the $\beta$-galactosidase enzyme?

Main steps in the formation of Recombinant $DNA$ are given below. Arrange these steps in a correct sequence.
$A$. Insertion of recombinant $DNA$ into the host cell
$B$. Cutting of $DNA$ at specific location by restriction enzyme
$C$. Isolation of desired $DNA$ fragment
$D$. Amplification of gene of interest using $PCR$
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

$A$ simple stirred-tank bioreactor is shown below. Identify $A, B, C, D$,and $E$.

Explain downstream processing.