State the contribution of Nyholm and Gillespie in $VSEPR$ theory.

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(N/A) Nyholm and Gillespie $(1957)$ refined the $VSEPR$ model by explaining the important difference between the lone pair and bonding pairs of electrons.
While the lone pairs are localised on the central atom,each bonded pair is shared between two atoms.
As a result,the lone pair electrons in a molecule occupy more space compared to the bonding pairs of electrons.
This results in greater repulsion between lone pairs of electrons compared to the lone pair-bond pair and bond pair-bond pair repulsions.
These repulsion effects result in deviations from idealised shapes and alterations in bond angles in molecules.

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