Taking examples under each category,discuss upstream and downstream processing.

(N/A) Upstream processing: Biotechnological processes can be divided into upstream and downstream processes. Upstream processing involves the preparation of biological agents (like cells or enzymes) and raw materials. It includes the selection of a suitable strain,optimization of culture conditions,and the preparation of inoculum and culture media. For example,in the production of penicillin,the selection of the high-yielding strain of $Penicillium$ $chrysogenum$ and the preparation of the fermentation medium are part of upstream processing.
Downstream processing: After the biosynthetic stage in the bioreactor,the product must undergo a series of processes before it is ready for marketing. These processes,collectively called downstream processing,include the separation of biomass,recovery,clarification,purification,and polishing of the product. For example,in the production of insulin,the recombinant protein must be separated from the host cell debris,purified using chromatography techniques,and formulated with suitable preservatives. Finally,it must undergo strict quality control testing and clinical trials before being packaged for use.