Which element helps in electron transport during the process of photosynthesis?

Describe the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis.

Emmerson defined 'red drop' as a decline in photosynthesis,also termed the Emmerson effect. It appears at:

During chemiosmotic synthesis of $ATP$ in photosynthesis,

Read the following statements:
$(a)$ $F_{0}$ part of $ATP$ase is associated with the breakdown of the proton gradient.
$(b)$ $A$ $H^+$ carrier contributes to the creation of the proton gradient.
$(c)$ Movement of electrons in $ETS$ is coupled to the pumping of protons into the lumen.
$(d)$ Formation of $NADPH + H^+$ is related to the creation of the proton gradient.
How many of the above statements are correct?

In the chloroplast,the stroma lamellae lack the