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(A) The change in the peppered moth population from the lighter variety to the darker variety $(carbonaria)$ is a classic example of natural selection

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Mutation of a single Mendelian gene for survival in the smoke-laden industrial environment

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(A) The change in the peppered moth population from the lighter variety to the darker variety $(carbonaria)$ is a classic example of natural selection.In the $19^{th}$ century, during the Industrial Revolution in England, the environment became covered in soot and smoke.The lighter-coloured moths were easily spotted by predators against the soot-covered tree trunks, while the darker-coloured moths were better camouflaged.This provided a survival advantage to the darker variety, which then reproduced and passed on their genes to the next generation.This phenomenon is driven by the mutation of a single Mendelian gene that confers a survival advantage in the smoke-laden industrial environment, leading to an increase in the frequency of the darker phenotype.

The change of the lighter coloured variety of peppered moth $Biston \text{ } betularia$ to its darker variety $(carbonaria)$ is due to

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