The toxin produced by the gene of Bacillus te | vedclass

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(B) The bacterium $Bacillus 	ext{ } thuringiensis$ $(Bt)$ produces protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain

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Mosquitoes

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(B) The bacterium $Bacillus 	ext{ } thuringiensis$ $(Bt)$ produces protein crystals during a particular phase of their growth. These crystals contain a toxic insecticidal protein. The $Bt$ toxin protein exists as inactive protoxins but once an insect ingests the inactive toxin, it is converted into an active form of toxin due to the alkaline $pH$ of the gut, which solubilizes the crystals. The activated toxin binds to the surface of midgut epithelial cells and creates pores that cause cell swelling and lysis and eventually cause the death of the insect. This toxin is specific to certain groups of insects, including lepidopterans (tobacco budworm, armyworm), coleopterans (beetles), and dipterans (flies, mosquitoes). Therefore, it is effective against mosquitoes.

The toxin produced by the gene of $Bacillus \text{ } thuringiensis$ is effective against which of the following?

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