There are four machines and it is known that exactly two of them are faulty. They are tested one by one,in a random order,until both the faulty machines are identified. The probability that only two tests are needed is:

$A$ ship is fitted with three engines $E_1, E_2$,and $E_3$. The engines function independently of each other with respective probabilities $\frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{4}$,and $\frac{1}{4}$. For the ship to be operational,at least two of its engines must function. Let $X$ denote the event that the ship is operational and let $X_1, X_2$,and $X_3$ denote respectively the events that the engines $E_1, E_2$,and $E_3$ are functioning. Which of the following is (are) true?
$(A) P(X_1^c \mid X) = \frac{3}{16}$
$(B) P(\text{Exactly two engines are functioning} \mid X) = \frac{7}{8}$
$(C) P(X \mid X_2) = \frac{5}{16}$
$(D) P(X \mid X_1) = \frac{7}{16}$

Let $E$ and $F$ be two independent events. The probability that both $E$ and $F$ happen is $\frac{1}{12}$ and the probability that neither $E$ nor $F$ happens is $\frac{1}{2}$. Then a value of $\frac{P(E)}{P(F)}$ is

The probability that a year chosen at random from the $22^{nd}$ century will have $53$ Sundays is

$A$ pair of fair dice is rolled together till a sum of either $5$ or $7$ is obtained. Then the probability that $5$ comes before $7$ is

Let $X_n = \{1, 2, 3, \ldots, n\}$ and let a subset $A$ of $X_n$ be chosen such that every pair of elements of $A$ differ by at least $3$. (For example,if $n = 5$,$A$ can be $\phi, \{2\}$ or $\{1, 5\}$ among others). When $n = 10$,let the probability that $1 \in A$ be $p$ and let the probability that $2 \in A$ be $q$. Then,