Two metallic rings of radius $R$ are rolling on a metallic rod. $A$ magnetic field of magnitude $B$ is applied in the region. The magnitude of the potential difference between point $A$ and point $C$ on the two rings (as shown) will be:

Two parallel rails of a railway track, insulated from each other and from the ground, are connected to a millivoltmeter. The distance between the rails is $1 \, m$. $A$ train is travelling with a velocity of $72 \, km/h$ along the track. What is the reading of the millivoltmeter (in $mV$)? (The vertical component of the Earth's magnetic induction is $2 \times 10^{-5} \, T$.)

$A$ coil has $1000$ turns and $500 \text{ cm}^2$ as its area. The plane of the coil is placed at right angles to a magnetic induction field of $2 \times 10^{-5} \text{ Wb/m}^2$. The coil is rotated through $180^{\circ}$ in $0.2 \text{ s}$. The average emf induced in the coil,in $\text{mV}$,is

$A$ rectangular loop has a sliding connector $PQ$ of length $l$ and resistance $R \ \Omega$ and it is moving with a speed $v$ as shown. The set-up is placed in a uniform magnetic field going into the plane of the paper. The three currents $I_1, I_2$ and $I$ are:

The figure shows a metal rod $PQ$ resting on the smooth rails $AB$ and positioned between the poles of a permanent magnet. The rails,the rod,and the magnetic field are in three mutually perpendicular directions. $A$ galvanometer $G$ connects the rails through a switch $K$. Length of the rod $= 15 \; cm$,$B = 0.50 \; T$,resistance of the closed loop containing the rod $= 9.0 \; m\Omega$. Assume the field to be uniform.
$(a)$ Suppose $K$ is open and the rod is moved with a speed of $12 \; cm \; s^{-1}$ in the direction shown. Give the polarity and magnitude of the induced $emf$.
$(b)$ Is there an excess charge built up at the ends of the rod when $K$ is open? What if $K$ is closed?
$(c)$ With $K$ open and the rod moving uniformly,there is no net force on the electrons in the rod $PQ$ even though they do experience magnetic force due to the motion of the rod. Explain.
$(d)$ What is the retarding force on the rod when $K$ is closed?
$(e)$ How much power is required (by an external agent) to keep the rod moving at the same speed $(= 12 \; cm \; s^{-1})$ when $K$ is closed? How much power is required when $K$ is open?
$(f)$ How much power is dissipated as heat in the closed circuit? What is the source of this power?
$(g)$ What is the induced $emf$ in the moving rod if the magnetic field is parallel to the rails instead of being perpendicular?

$A$ wire having mass $m$ and length $l$ can freely slide on a pair of parallel smooth horizontal rails placed in a vertical magnetic field $B$. The rails are connected by a capacitor of capacitance $C$. The electric resistance of the rails and the wire is zero. If a constant force $F$ acts on the wire as shown in the figure,then the acceleration of the wire is given by: