What are electrophiles and nucleophiles? Expl | vedclass

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(N/A) Nucleophiles and Nucleophilic reactionElectrophiles and Electrophilic reaction$(i)$ $A$ reagent that donates an electron pair is called a nucleo

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(N/A) Nucleophiles and Nucleophilic reactionElectrophiles and Electrophilic reaction$(i)$ $A$ reagent that donates an electron pair is called a nucleophile $(Nu:)$ i.e.,nucleus seeking,and the reaction is called a nucleophilic reaction.$(i)$ $A$ reagent that accepts an electron pair is called an electrophile $(E^{+})$ i.e.,electron seeking,and the reaction is called an electrophilic reaction.$(ii)$ During a polar organic reaction,a nucleophile attacks an electrophilic centre of the substrate.$(ii)$ During a polar organic reaction,an electrophile attacks a nucleophilic centre of the substrate.$(iii)$ The electrophilic centre of the substrate is the specific atom or part of the substrate that is electron-deficient.$(iii)$ The nucleophilic centre of the substrate is that specific atom or part of the substrate that is electron-rich.$(iv)$ Examples of nucleophiles include negatively charged ions with lone pair electrons such as hydroxide ion $(OH^{-})$,cyanide $(CN^{-})$,carbanions $(R_{3}C^{-})$,and neutral molecules such as $H_{2}O:$,$RNH_{2}$,$R_{2}NH$,$R_{3}N$,etc.$(iv)$ Examples of electrophiles include positively charged ions such as carbocations ($CH_{3}^{+}$,$CH_{3}CH_{2}^{+}$),and neutral molecules having functional groups like the carbonyl group $(>C=O)$ or alkyl halides ($R-X$,where $X$ is a halogen atom).$(v)$ These species act as nucleophilic reagents due to the lone pair electrons present on the atom.$(v)$ The carbon atom in carbocations has a sextet configuration; hence,it is electron-deficient and acts as an electrophile.$(vi)$ In neutral molecules such as alkyl halides,due to the polarity of the $C-X$ bond,a partial positive charge is generated on the carbon atom,making it an electrophilic centre where a nucleophile can attack.$(vi)$ During a reaction,an electrophilic reagent can receive a pair of electrons from a nucleophile,and an electrophilic reaction occurs.

What are electrophiles and nucleophiles? Explain with examples.

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Nucleophiles and Nucleophilic reaction	Electrophiles and Electrophilic reaction
$(i)$ $A$ reagent that donates an electron pair is called a nucleophile $(Nu:)$ i.e.,nucleus seeking,and the reaction is called a nucleophilic reaction.	$(i)$ $A$ reagent that accepts an electron pair is called an electrophile $(E^{+})$ i.e.,electron seeking,and the reaction is called an electrophilic reaction.
$(ii)$ During a polar organic reaction,a nucleophile attacks an electrophilic centre of the substrate.	$(ii)$ During a polar organic reaction,an electrophile attacks a nucleophilic centre of the substrate.
$(iii)$ The electrophilic centre of the substrate is the specific atom or part of the substrate that is electron-deficient.	$(iii)$ The nucleophilic centre of the substrate is that specific atom or part of the substrate that is electron-rich.
$(iv)$ Examples of nucleophiles include negatively charged ions with lone pair electrons such as hydroxide ion $(OH^{-})$,cyanide $(CN^{-})$,carbanions $(R_{3}C^{-})$,and neutral molecules such as $H_{2}O:$,$RNH_{2}$,$R_{2}NH$,$R_{3}N$,etc.	$(iv)$ Examples of electrophiles include positively charged ions such as carbocations ($CH_{3}^{+}$,$CH_{3}CH_{2}^{+}$),and neutral molecules having functional groups like the carbonyl group $(>C=O)$ or alkyl halides ($R-X$,where $X$ is a halogen atom).
$(v)$ These species act as nucleophilic reagents due to the lone pair electrons present on the atom.	$(v)$ The carbon atom in carbocations has a sextet configuration; hence,it is electron-deficient and acts as an electrophile.
$(vi)$ In neutral molecules such as alkyl halides,due to the polarity of the $C-X$ bond,a partial positive charge is generated on the carbon atom,making it an electrophilic centre where a nucleophile can attack.	$(vi)$ During a reaction,an electrophilic reagent can receive a pair of electrons from a nucleophile,and an electrophilic reaction occurs.