What is called the internal resistance of a cell?

$10$ cells,each of $emf$ $E$ and internal resistance $r$,are connected in series to a variable external resistance. The figure shows the variation of the terminal potential difference of their combination with the current drawn from the combination. The $emf$ of each cell is ................ $V$.

Two batteries with different $e.m.f.$ are connected in parallel. Consider the following statements: $(i)$ The equivalent $e.m.f.$ is less than the individual $e.m.f.s$. $(ii)$ The equivalent internal resistance is less than the individual internal resistances.

$A$ storage battery is connected to a charger for charging with a voltage of $12.5 \text{ V}$. The internal resistance of the storage battery is $1 \ \Omega$. When the charging current is $0.5 \text{ A}$,the $EMF$ of the storage battery is: ............... $\text{volts}$

Four identical cells of emf $E$ and internal resistance $r$ are to be connected in series. If one of the cells is connected wrongly,the equivalent emf and effective internal resistance of the combination are

Two cells with same emf $E$ but different internal resistances,$r_1$ and $r_2$,are connected in series to an external resistance $R$. If the potential difference across the first cell is zero,then the value of $R$ is