What is a kernel in the context of atomic structure?

The heaviest particle among the following is:

The volume of an atom is $10^5$ times the volume of its nucleus. If we consider the ratio of the radius of an atom to the radius of its nucleus,it is approximately $10^5$. Since volume $V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^3$,the ratio of volumes is $(\frac{r_{atom}}{r_{nucleus}})^3 = (10^5)^3 = 10^{15}$. Therefore,the volume of an atom is $10^{15}$ times the volume of the nucleus. Choose the correct factor.

Proton was discovered by

Which particle cannot be accelerated?

The space between the proton and the electron in a hydrogen atom is $......$.