What type of difference is observed in the hybridization of carbon in benzene during nitration and the formation of the $\sigma$-complex?

Which one of the following compounds is prepared in the laboratory from benzene by a substitution reaction?

Identify the product $(P)$ formed from the following reaction.

Decide the correct order of reactivity of the following compounds towards electrophilic aromatic substitution (halogenation) with $(Cl_2 + AlCl_3)$:
$I$: Phenyl benzoate $(C_6H_5COOC_6H_5)$
$II$: Toluene $(C_6H_5CH_3)$
$III$: Ethylbenzene $(C_6H_5CH_2CH_3)$
$IV$: Benzene $(C_6H_6)$

$A$ compound $X$ formed after heating coke with lime reacts with water to give $Y$,which on passing over red hot iron at $873 \ K$ produces $Z$. The compound $Z$ is:

The major product$(s)$ of the following reaction is (are):