What type of electric charge does an electron possess?

Find out the following in the electric circuit given in the figure:
$(a)$ Effective resistance of two $8\, \Omega$ resistors in the combination.
$(b)$ Current flowing through $4\, \Omega$ resistor.
$(c)$ Potential difference across $4\, \Omega$ resistor.
$(d)$ Power dissipated in $4\, \Omega$ resistor.
$(e)$ Difference in ammeter readings,if any.

In the process of electroplating a chromium coating onto an iron spoon,where should the chromium rod be connected?

Calculate the equivalent resistance between the points $A$ and $B$ in the following combination.

Which symbol is used for the resistivity of a conductor?

What is meant by $1$ ohm resistance?