When sunlight falls normally on Earth,a luminous flux density (illuminance) of $1.57 \times 10^5 \; lm/m^2$ is produced on Earth. If the distance of Earth from the Sun is $1.5 \times 10^8 \; km$,what is the total luminous flux emitted by the Sun?

What is an image?

Answer the following questions:
$(a)$ You have learnt that plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they produce real images under some circumstances? Explain.
$(b)$ $A$ virtual image,we always say,cannot be caught on a screen. Yet when we 'see' a virtual image,we are obviously bringing it on to the 'screen' (i.e.,the retina) of our eye. Is there a contradiction?
$(c)$ $A$ diver under water,looks obliquely at a fisherman standing on the bank of a lake. Would the fisherman look taller or shorter to the diver than what he actually is?
$(d)$ Does the apparent depth of a tank of water change if viewed obliquely? If so,does the apparent depth increase or decrease?
$(e)$ The refractive index of diamond is much greater than that of ordinary glass. Is this fact of some use to a diamond cutter?

$A$ lamp is hanging along the axis of a circular table of radius $r$. At what height should the lamp be placed above the table,so that the illuminance at the edge of the table is $\frac{1}{8}$ of that at its center?

$A$ lamp rated at $100 \, cd$ hangs over the middle of a round table with diameter $3 \, m$ at a height of $2 \, m$. It is replaced by a lamp of $25 \, cd$ and the distance to the table is changed so that the illumination at the centre of the table remains as before. The illumination at the edge of the table becomes $X$ times the original. Then $X$ is

Total flux produced by a source of $1 \ cd$ is