Which of the following causative agents of ST | vedclass

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(D) The placenta acts as a selective barrier, but it is not impermeable to all pathogens. Certain causative agents of Sexually Transmitted Diseases $(

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All of these

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(D) The placenta acts as a selective barrier, but it is not impermeable to all pathogens. Certain causative agents of Sexually Transmitted Diseases $(STDs)$ are known to cross the placental barrier from the mother to the foetus. $HIV$ (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), the causative agent of $AIDS$, can be transmitted vertically from mother to child across the placenta. Syphilis, caused by the bacterium $Treponema 	ext{ } pallidum$, can also cross the placenta, leading to congenital syphilis. Hepatitis-$B$ virus can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her foetus. Therefore, all the listed agents have the potential to cross the placenta.

Which of the following causative agents of $STDs$ can cross the placenta?

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