Which of the following is most acidic?

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(D) The acidity of phenols is increased by electron-withdrawing groups $(EWG)$ attached to the benzene ring,as they stabilize the phenoxide ion throug

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$p$-Hydroxybenzoic acid

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(D) The acidity of phenols is increased by electron-withdrawing groups $(EWG)$ attached to the benzene ring,as they stabilize the phenoxide ion through inductive and resonance effects.Comparing the substituents at the para position:$1$. Phenol: No substituent.$2$. $p$-Nitrophenol: The $-NO_2$ group is a strong electron-withdrawing group ($-I$ and $-M$ effects).$3$. $p$-Cyanophenol: The $-CN$ group is an electron-withdrawing group ($-I$ and $-M$ effects),but less strong than $-NO_2$.$4$. $p$-Hydroxybenzoic acid: The $-COOH$ group is an electron-withdrawing group ($-I$ and $-M$ effects). However,in $p$-hydroxybenzoic acid,the acidity is primarily determined by the carboxylic acid group $(-COOH)$ rather than the phenolic $-OH$ group. Carboxylic acids are significantly more acidic than phenols. Therefore,$p$-hydroxybenzoic acid is the most acidic among the given options.

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