Who decides the upward direction in an artificial satellite?

The percentage increase in the energy for an artificial satellite to shift it from an orbit of radius $r$ to an orbit of radius $\frac{3r}{2}$ is

$A$ planet of mass $m$ is moving around a star of mass $M$ and radius $R$ in a circular orbit of radius $r$. The star abruptly shrinks to half its radius without any loss of mass. What change will be there in the orbit of the planet?

Two identical satellites are at $R$ and $7R$ away from the Earth's surface. Which of the following statements is incorrect? ($R$ = Radius of Earth)

Consider two satellites $S_{1}$ and $S_{2}$ with periods of revolution $1\, hr$ and $8\, hr$ respectively,revolving around a planet in circular orbits. The ratio of the angular velocity of satellite $S_{1}$ to the angular velocity of satellite $S_{2}$ is:

$A$ planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit. When it is closest to the sun,its distance from the sun is $d_1$ and its velocity is $v_1$. When it is farthest from the sun,its distance from the sun is $d_2$ and its velocity is $v_2$. Find the value of $v_2$.