Name the subphyla of the phylum Chordata.

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(N/A) The phylum $Chordata$ is divided into three subphyla:
$1$. $Urochordata$ (Tunicata): The notochord is present only in the larval tail,e.g.,$Ascidia$.
$2$. $Cephalochordata$: The notochord extends from head to tail region and is persistent throughout their life,e.g.,$Amphioxus$.
$3$. $Vertebrata$: The notochord is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult,e.g.,from $Cyclostomata$ to $Mammalia$.

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Differentiate between Invertebrates and Vertebrates.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion $(A)$ and the other is labelled as Reason $(R)$.
Assertion $(A)$: All vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.
Reason $(R)$: Notochord is replaced by vertebral column in the adult vertebrates.
In the light of the above statements,choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

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$A$ rod-like structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic development in some animals, which is mesodermally derived:

Gnathostomata is divided into $2$ superclasses. These are:

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