Explain the reactions of alcohols involving the cleavage of $C-H$ and $O-H$ bonds with examples.

(N/A) Oxidation: The oxidation of alcohols involves the breaking of $O-H$ and $C-H$ bonds,leading to the formation of a carbon-oxygen double bond $(C=O)$.
Dehydrogenation: In this process,$C-H$ and $O-H$ bonds are broken,and dihydrogen $(H_2)$ is released; hence,these are called dehydrogenation reactions.
The products of oxidation depend on the oxidizing agents used and the type of alcohol.
$(b)$ Oxidation of primary alcohols: Depending on the oxidizing agent used,$1^{\circ}$ alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes,which are further oxidized to carboxylic acids.
$(i)$ $1^{\circ}$-Alcohol $\rightarrow$ Carboxylic acid: Strong oxidizing agents like potassium permanganate $(KMnO_4)$ are used to obtain carboxylic acids directly from $1^{\circ}$-alcohols.