$A$ constant force is applied to a metal wire of length $L$. The volume of the wire remains constant. The extension produced is proportional to:

The dimensional formula for Young's modulus is

The length of a metal wire is $L$, when it is subjected to tension $T$. If the tension is increased to $T+\Delta T$, the length becomes $L+\Delta L$. The natural length of the wire is

$A$ metal wire with circular cross-section and length $1 \,m$ is pulled with a tensile force of $1000 \,N$ on each side. For the wire to be stretched not more than $0.25 \,cm$, the minimum diameter of the wire required is (Young's modulus of the metal $= 10^{11} \,Pa$, take $\sqrt{\pi} = 1.77$). (in $\,mm$)

In nature,the failure of structural members usually results from large torque because of twisting or bending rather than due to tensile or compressive strains. This process of structural breakdown is called buckling. In cases of tall cylindrical structures like trees,the torque is caused by their own weight bending the structure,such that the vertical line through the centre of gravity does not fall within the base. The elastic torque caused by this bending about the central axis of the tree is given by $\frac{Y\pi r^4}{4R}$,where $Y$ is the Young's modulus,$r$ is the radius of the trunk,and $R$ is the radius of curvature of the bent surface along the height of the tree containing the centre of gravity (the neutral surface). Estimate the critical height of a tree for a given radius of the trunk.

$A$ wire of cross-sectional area $A$,modulus of elasticity $2 \times 10^{11} \text{ N m}^{-2}$,and length $2L = 2 \text{ m}$ is stretched between two vertical rigid supports. When a mass of $2 \text{ kg}$ is suspended at the middle,it sags from its original position,making an angle $\theta = \frac{1}{100} \text{ radian}$ with the horizontal at the points of support. The value of $A$ is . . . . . . $\times 10^{-4} \text{ m}^2$. (Given: $g = 10 \text{ m/s}^2$)